In pre-colonial times the region was inhabited by an advanced culture linked to the Pajaten, whose influence during the Inca period extended to the Sierra de Lima. Imposing monuments survive at Kuelap and Limebamba.

Kuelap and Limebamba archaeological sites.- The department's natural attractions include the canyons or pongos formed by the Maranon river – notably the Rentema and the impressive Manseriche canyons; those formed by the Comaina and Utcubamba rivers are a scenery of unmatched beauty. A further attraction is the Pomacocha lagoon (accomodation in an Hotel de Turistas is available). Exotic, luxurious vegetation surrounds Chachapoyas, which is served by a modern airport.